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Patients Hospitalized with pH1N1 Influenza in an Academic Community Medical Center
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Authors Info & Affiliations
Abstract
Background:
The emergence of a novel strain of pandemic influenza (pH1N1) in 2009 presented significant challenges to health care facilities worldwide. In our academic community medical center in suburban Philadelphia, we noted our first pH1N1 diagnosis in September 2009. We sought to assess the impact of pH1N1 disease on our hospitalized patient population.
Methods:
We prospectively collected clinical and epidemiological data on 29 consecutive patients that were admitted to our hospital with a primary or secondary diagnosis of influenza from October 1-November 30, 2009. Data were obtained through care of the patients and chart review.
Results:
Prominent symptoms on admission included fever, hypoxia, cough, myalgias, and diarrhea, with leukocytosis and neutrophilia. Pre-existing medical conditions included asthma, pregnancy, immunosuppressive therapy, and sickle cell disease. All but 5 of the patients were under 60 years of age. Three patients had culture-documented bacterial or mycoplasma infections. All but two of the patients received oseltamivir. Six required admission to the intensive care unit but only one patient died.
Conclusions:
Our population of hospitalized patients with novel pH1N1 influenza demonstrated many of the features that have been associated with pH1N1 disease in other populations. Most of the patients were women and none of the patients died directly as a complication of influenza. We observed a cluster of patients with a tetrad of features comprising a history of asthma, obesity, female gender, and African-American race. Individuals with this constellation of factors should be specifically targeted for pH1N1 vaccination.
BACKGROUND
Infection with influenza viruses can result in diverse clinical manifestations that are affected by the nature of the viral genome and host-specific factors, such as co-morbid conditions and pre-existing immunity. In 2009, an influenza A virus (pH1N1) began circulating that was distinct from prior influenza strains [1-5]. Clinical manifestations of the pH1N1 infection were notable for an increased risk of severe pneumonia in children over age 5 and adults under age 65 [1,6-10]. Among older adults (age ≥ 65), the risk of severe disease was lower than with seasonal influenza. This may be due to weakly protective immunity against the virus obtained during remote exposure to influenza strains similar to pH1N1 [11]. The presenting symptoms of pH1N1 were similar to those of seasonal influenza and included fever, cough, sore throat, headache, and myalgias, but with an increased prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms, especially diarrhea [2,4,12,13].
The pH1N1 influenza was associated with a wide spectrum of disease intensity [5]. In contrast to the original reports of severe and fatal disease, prospective studies demonstrated seroconversion in asymptomatic or only mildly asymptomatic individuals [14,15]. Many risk factors for severe pH1N1 influenza were identified that are similar to the risk factors for severe seasonal influenza. These include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, neurological disease, cardivascular disease, pregnancy, cancer, kidney disease, sickle cell disease, and immunosuppression [7,9,16-26]. Clinical features that correlated with severe disease included pulmonary infiltrates, hypoxia, shortness of breath, cyanosis, elevated creatinine, and leukopenia [7,9,10,20,27-29]. Worse outcomes were observed in patients if oseltamivir treatment was delayed [7,20,30]. The majority of these associations were identified in large epidemiological studies.
In the Fall of 2009, we observed an upsurge of cases that had a clinical and/or laboratory diagnosis of pH1N1 and were admitted to our academic community medical center. We conducted a prospective observational study, collecting epidemiological and clinical data on the 29 cases of pH1N1 admitted to the adult medical service at LMC during October 1 and November 30, 2009.
METHODS
The setting for the study, the Lankenau Medical Center (LMC), is a 331-bed, academic community hospital situated in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, a suburb adjacent to Philadelphia. LMC serves a diverse suburban and urban adult patient population from Philadelphia and the neighboring suburbs, but does not serve a substantial inpatient pediatric population. In 2009, LMC had 20,550 hospital discharges. LMC is academically affiliated with the Thomas Jefferson University and has residency and fellowship training programs in medicine and surgery.
The study was conducted over an 8 week period from October 1 to November 30, 2009. Hospitalization was defined as being admitted to the inpatient service for greater than 24 hours. Patients were identified either because they were being cared for by one of the authors of the study (HB, LLL, JS) or because the LMC clinical laboratory reported positive pH1N1 testing results on a hospitalized patient. Subjects were considered suitable for inclusion in our study if they tested positive for the nasopharyngeal swab - rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT). Positive influenza A RIDTs were considered indicative of infection with pH1N1, which was the prevalent influenza strain during the study period [31]. Swabs were analyzed at the LMC laboratory. RT-PCR tests were performed by the Bureau of Laboratories, Pennsylvania Department of Health (Exton, PA). Additional subjects were included if considered probable pH1N1 infections, in which the clinical suspicion was high, the nasopharyngeal swab was negative, the RT-PCR test was not obtained, and no other organism was identified. We collected and analyzed clinical and epidemiological data on a total of 29 patients, using a combination of physician-patient contact and chart review. The study was conducted as a Quality Improvement Initiative, to assess the impact of pH1Nq influenza on the LMC inpatient population.
RESULTS
At LMC, the first positive RIDT in an adult (≥ 18 years of age) was obtained on August 3, 2009. A total of 4 positive patients were identified in August, 2009, and 11 cases were identified in September, indicating that we were in the early stages of the 2009 pH1N1 epidemic (Fig. 1). From October 1 to November 30, 2009, we conducted a prospective observational study of patients with a diagnosis of influenza who were admitted to the hospital. In October and November, 2009, 166 and 73 patients tested positive for influenza, respectively (Fig. 1). This was followed by an abrupt drop-off in cases in December, during which we had only 5 positive test results. Thus, the timing of our study coincided with the peak of the 2009 influenza season at LMC.
Positive RIDT results for adult patients (age >= 18 years of age) at the Lankenau Medical Center, August-December 2009.
Ages of the patients admitted to the Lankenau Medical Center with a diagnosis of pH1N1 influenza, October and November, 2009.
Primary admission diagnoses of the study population.
The characteristics of the patients in our study are given in Table 1. 25 subjects (86%) were positive by the RIDT test, and 2 (7%) were negative for the RIDT, but positive by the RT-PCR test. Two additional patients (7%) were considered highly probable pH1N1 influenza. They were RIDT-negative, but had clinical findings strongly suggestive of influenza, including fever, sore throat, myalgias, and cough. In addition to suspected or RIDT-diagnosed influenza, the admission diagnoses (Fig. 2) included asthma exacerbation (7 [24%]), pneumonia (7 [24%]), cardiovascular complications (5 [17%]) and sickle cell crisis (2, [7%]). One patient each had a diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleed, diabetic ketoacidosis, diarrhea with dehydration, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Patients ranged in age between 19-79 years (mean 47.1 years [median 47 years]) (Fig. 3). Virtually all of the admitted patients were female (25 [86%]). Sixteen (55%) were African-American (n=16). The most common co-morbid condition was obesity (defined as a body mass index (BMI) > 30) in 17 (59%). Seven (24%) of these patients also met the definition for morbid obesity (BMI > 40). Thirteen (45%) the patients had asthma and 9 (31%) smoked tobacco. Three patients were pregnant (26 weeks, 32 weeks, and 1 day post-partum), and two of these had asthma. Two of the patients had sickle cell disease and one was undergoing therapy for breast cancer. Seven of our patients (24%) had a tetrad of features: a history of asthma, obesity, female gender, and African-American case.
Patient Characteristics
| Age, Years | |
| Mean (SD) | 47.1 (16.6) |
| Median (range) | 47 (19-79) |
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|
|
| Gender, n (%) | |
| Female | 25 (86) |
| Male | 4 (14) |
|
|
|
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |
| Obesity (BMI > 30) | 17 (59) |
| Morbid obesity (BMI >40) | 7 (24) |
| Asthma | 13 (45) |
| Tobacco use | 9 (31) |
| Sickle cell disease | 2 (6) |
| Chemotherapy | 1 (3) |
| Pregnancy | 3 (10) |
|
|
|
| Presenting symptoms, n (%) | |
| Cough | 27 (93) |
| Dyspnea | 24 (83) |
| Subjective fever | 23 (79) |
| Myalgias | 19 (66) |
| Sore throat | 10 (34) |
| Diarrhea | 7 (24) |
|
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|
| Clinical findings | |
| Temp on arrival to ED | |
| Mean | 99.6° F, 37.6° C |
| Median (range) | 99.5° F (96.3°-103.7° F) |
| 37.5° C (35.7°-39.8° C) | |
| Hypoxia (O2 sat < 93%), n (%) | 12 (41) |
| Pulmonary infiltrates, n (%) | 9 (31) |
| Leukocytosis (> 10,000/µl), n (%) | 10 (34) |
| Additional diagnosed | 3 (10) |
| infection, n (%) | (2 M. pneumoniae, 1 P. aeruginosa) |
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|
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| Treatment and disposition, n (%) | |
| Oseltamivir | 27 (93) |
| ICU | 6 (21) |
| Death | 1 (3) |
| Discharge | 28 (97) |
Patients presented to the hospital within 1-14 days of their initial symptoms (mean 4.2 days, median 3 days). The symptoms that were typical of those reported by others for pH1N1 influenza include cough (27 [93%]), shortness of breath (24 [83%]), subjective fever (23 [79%]), myalgias (19 [66%]), sore throat (10 [34%]), diarrhea (7/29, 24%), and headache (6/29, 21%). Temperatures on admission ranged from 96.3º F - 103.7º F (35.7º C – 39.8º C), with a mean temperature of 99.5º F (37.5º C). Chest radiography showed infiltrates suggestive of pneumonia in 10 patients (34%). Hypoxia, defined as an O2 sat < 93% in room air or as a requirement for supplemental O2, was observed in 12 patients (41%) and in all but one of the patients with lung infiltrates (9 [31%]). Ten patients (34%) had leukocytosis (>10,000) with a predominance of neutrophils (44-97%, mean 76%). Additional microbiological isolates were obtained in 3 patients (2 with M.pneumoniae, 1 with P.aeruginosa).
All but two of the patients received oseltamivir at standard doses (75 mg BID). One of the exceptions presented with renal insufficiency and had pH1N1 infection as a secondary diagnosis. The other had an outpatient diagnosis of pH1N1 and received a full course of Tamiflu, but was then admitted with post-influenza pneumonia. Six of the patients (21%) were admitted to the ICU and 5 (17%) had pulmonary infiltrates and hypoxia on admission. Both patients with sickle cell disease had pulmonary infiltrates and one required mechanical ventilation in the ICU. Another patient was transferred to the ICU with diabetic ketoacidosis. The one patient who died was admitted to the ICU with disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and a massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage that lead to a pulseless cardiac activity arrest and death. The other patients survived and were eventually discharged to home.
DISCUSSION
We conducted a prospective observational study of cases of pH1N1 influenza admitted to the LMC during the peak of our 2009 epidemic. Studies have been published that describe a diversity of populations affected by the pH1N1 influenza outbreak, but ours is the first to focus on an inpatient population at a single North American academic community medical center. The impact of pH1N1 influenza on local populations may be distinct due to regional, facility-dependent, and population-specific effects. For instance, indigenous populations in New Zealand and North America [8,32,33] had a disproportionate incidence of severe disease, as did male patients in one study in China [34].
Our study was notable for 7 of the patients presenting with a tetrad of features that comprised a history of asthma, obesity, female gender, and African-American race. Each of the patients with the tetrad had mild-moderate hypoxia, although none of them required transfer to the ICU. Obesity has been associated with severe pH1N1 influenza, although it had not previously been linked to complicated seasonal influenza. Asthma has been established as an independent risk factor for complications of seasonal and pH1N1 influenza [3,18,23,25,34-37]. Female gender and African-American race have not independently been associated with higher rates of complications of pH1N1, although in one survey of hospital admissions in Wisconsin, African-American patients were disproportionately affected by pH1N1 [38].
Our population of hospitalized patients was affected by a broad spectrum of factors that have been associated with severe seasonal and pH1N1 influenza, including pregnancy, cardiac disease, renal insufficiency, and cancer therapy-related immunosuppression. Upon admission, findings of pulmonary infiltrates, diarrhea, and neutrophilia were quite common. Admission temperatures were varied, including mild hypothermia and fevers, but did not correlate with any other clinical variables. Most of the patients were under 60 years of age, consistent with observations in other studies and the finding that many individuals over 60 have a persisting immunoreactivity with pH1N1 antigens [11], although our group of 4 patients over 70 was atypical, compared to other studies. Only three of the subjects had an additional microbiological diagnosis. Despite the need for hospitalization, most of the patients were discharged to home, and the only observed death was not directly attributable to influenza.
CONCLUSION
In summary, our study of patients admitted to our academic medical center with a diagnosis of pH1N1 influenza has identified a novel tetrad of features that may indicate particular susceptibility to severe pH1N1 influenza, including a history of asthma, obesity, female gender, and African-American race. Individuals with this constellation of factors should be specifically targeted for pH1N1 vaccination.
COMPETING INTERESTS
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS
HB, SS, JS, SKD conceived the study. HB, LLL, JS cared for patients. HB, SS, JS, SKD wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
HUMAN SUBJECTS
The study was performed as a Quality Improvement Initiative, which does not require IRB approval in the United States.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to Olarae Geiger, Eileen O'Rourke and Linda Dey for communication of RIDT test results and Tom McLaughlin for information about LMC admissions.
ABBREVIATIONS
| pH1N1 | = 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza |
| RIDT | = Rapid influenza diagnostic test |
| O2 | = Oxygen |
DISCLAIMER
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the funding agency or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
