RESEARCH ARTICLE
Characteristics of Bronchiectasis Associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Khaled Deghdegh1, *, Nassim Boukadoum2, Besma Terra1, Kamel Amoura3, Rachid Benali1
Article Information
Identifiers and Pagination:
Year: 2022Volume: 16
E-location ID: e187430642203311
Publisher ID: e187430642203311
DOI: 10.2174/18743064-v16-e2203311
Article History:
Received Date: 7/7/2021Revision Received Date: 8/12/2021
Acceptance Date: 17/1/2022
Electronic publication date: 31/05/2022
Collection year: 2022
open-access license: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy of which is available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Introduction:
An association between chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and bronchiectasis has been observed. However, the incidence of this association is variable. The current use of high-resolution Chest Thoracic (CT) scans in patients with COPD has contributed to its demonstration. It is comorbidity or even an overlap syndrome. The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of bronchiectasis in patients with COPD at the Annaba University Hospital in Algeria.
Subjects and Methods:
We prospectively included patients hospitalized at the Annaba University Hospital in Algeria between 1st January, 2013 to 31st December, 2015. All patients were hospitalized for an exacerbation of COPD. One hundred and twelve patients (108 men and 04 women) were enrolled in this study. These patients were classified into two groups: G1 (COPD without bronchiectasis) and G2 (COPD with bronchiectasis). The parameters considered for both the groups were the length of hospitalization, comorbidities as per the Charlson index, number of exacerbations in the previous year, quality of life assessed by the Saint Georges questionnaire, a spirométrie, and C. reactive protein (CRP). The diagnosis of exacerbation, bronchiectasis, and COPD was made. The data collected were statistically analyzed using SPSS/version 16. Parametric data were expressed as mean ± SD, and non-parametric data were expressed as the number and percentage of the total. In all tests, a p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed for statistically significant variables.
Results and Discussion:
One hundred and twelve patients (108 men and 04 women) were included in the study. The demographic characteristics of the patients were: age (69.49 years ± 8.15), smoking (53.21 ± 48 p/y), and FEV1(42.55 ± 18.90 l/s). Of the 112 cases included, 21 had COPD associated with bronchiectasis (18.75%). This bronchiectasis was of cylindrical type in the majority of patients, i.e., 17 (80.95%), saccular in 03 cases (14.28%), and mixed in only one case (04.77%). Lesions were bilateral in 16 patients (76.19%) and unilateral in 05 patients (23.81%). FEV1 in the COPD group associated with bronchiectasis was more severe (48.7 ± 6 l/s vs. 40.2 ± 3 l/s) (OR=4.3187; 95% C.I =2.6301 - 6.8740; p <0.017). Furthermore, we noted that the length of hospitalization, the exacerbations during the past year, the CRP rate, the total score of the Saint Georges questionnaire, and the sputum purulence were statistically significant variables with an Odds Ratio significant in the COPD bronchiectasis association
Conclusion:
The diagnosis of bronchiectasis should be more efficient in patients with COPD with a severe respiratory deficit, purulent sputum, accelerated CRP, and deterioration in the quality of life.
1. INTRODUCTION
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), by its frequency, severity, and cost, constitutes a public health problem [1]. Patients with different COPD phenotypes may experience a varying natural history of their disease, including the association of COPD with bronchiectasis. Bronchiectasis (from the Greek word “bronkhos,” meaning windpipe or latterly bronchial tubes, and “ektasis,” means stretching out, extension, or dilation [2]. Bronchiectasis is defined as an abnormal, permanent, and irreversible increase in the size of the bronchi due to chronic inflammation, secondary to poor mucociliary clearance, or recurrent or chronic infections [3]. Bronchiectasis is considered by the GOLD (guidelines obstructive lung diseases) 2014 as comorbidity. Due to the common use of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in COPD, bronchiectasis is now more detectable. The two pathologies are characterized by common symptoms, including cough, expectoration, and the possibility of exacerbation due to a recent or persistent infection. They constitute an overlap syndrome [4]. The existence of bronchiectasis in COPD increases the severity of symptoms and the number of exacerbations [5], severe disease, worse outcomes, and more isolation of potentially pathogenic microorganisms [6]. The prevalence of this coexistence varies from 4 to 72% [7] and is observed mainly in the advanced forms of COPD [8]. However, the causes and mechanisms of bronchiectasis in COPD are still not clear.
This study aimed to determine the frequency, characteristics, and impact of bronchiectasis, and in severe cases, meantime of hospital stay, and quality of life in patients with COPD. This study was conducted in the department of pneumology at the university hospital of Annaba City in East Algeria.
2. SUBJECTS AND METHODS
2.1. Study Subjects
We prospectively included all patients hospitalized for an exacerbation of COPD at the Annaba university hospital in Algeria between 1st January, 2013 to 31st December, 2015. We excluded patients who had bronchiectasis before COPD, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, and those who had previously been diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is the largest cause of bronchiectasis in Algeria; the tuberculosis origin of bronchiectasis was ruled out by questioning, which did not find any history of taking anti-tuberculosis drugs, and by the absence of names of patients included in the district tuberculosis mandatory notification register. One hundred and twelve patients (108 men and 04 women) were enrolled. These patients were classified into 02 groups: G1 (COPD without bronchiectasis) and G2 (COPD with bronchiectasis). At discharge, the length of hospitalization of each patient, as well as the number of COPD exacerbations per year, was noted. One month after their discharge from the hospital and during the COPD check-up, spirometry was performed for each patient to assess the severity of the disease. According to the COPD diagnosis and recommendations of GOLD 2013, we used an easy-one spirometer with calibration. The evaluation of the quality of life was made by the specific questionnaire of Saint George (SGQR) in a validated Arabic version. The questionnaire consisted of two parts (The 2nd one had 07 sections) and three areas (impact, symptoms, and disability). We calculated the score of each patient on 100 points, with an overall score that was calculated by the software. BMI in m2 / kg and smoking in terms of the number of packs per year were calculated for each patient. The Anthonisen index was assessed and classified into 03 levels at the time of hospitalization for exacerbation of COPD and compared in both groups. Dyspnea was assessed on exertion according to the mMRC scale (modified Medical Research Council). The average length of hospitalization was calculated (the number of days of hospitalization for exacerbation in each group). C-reactive protein CRP was observed in all patients. All these parameters were compared in the two groups
2.2. High-resolution Chest Thoracic Scan
The examination was performed in the supine position during apnea with slices <1mm thick to explore the entire pulmonary field. The diagnosis of bronchiectasis is based on the increase in the diameter of the bronchus relative to the satellite vessel.
2.3. Diagnosis Criteria of COPD, Exacerbation, and Bronchiectasis
2.3.1. The Diagnosis of COPD
It is based on the 2013 GOLD criteria: the presence of an obstructive ventilatory disorder (TVO) that is not completely reversible on spirométrie and is defined by a maximum expiratory volume at the first second (FEV1) / forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio) <70% post
Bronchodilatation. Severity is classified according to the FEV1.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
The data collected were statistically analyzed using SPSS/version 16. Parametric data were expressed as mean ± SD, and nonparametric data were expressed as the number and percentage of the total. A student t-test for quantitative independent variables was performed for the analysis of the difference between the two groups. A Chi-square test of significance was used to compare the proportion between the two categorical variables. In all tests, a p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed for statistically significant variables associated with the presence of bronchial dilations associated with COPD, making it possible to identify the factors independently linked to the presence of bronchiectasis by calculating the Odds Ratio (OR).
3. RESULTS
One hundred and twelve patients (108 men and 04 women) were included in the study. The demographic characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 1 including the average age of 69.49 years ± 8.15, smoking of 53.21 ± 48 P / A on average, and an FEV1 of 42.55 ± 18.90 l / s. COPD was recorded at 22.5% as moderate, 43.6% as severe, and 33.9% as very severe. The average six-minute walk test was 273,79 ± 112, 79 m. BODE index was 5, 54± 2, 63. Of the 112 cases included, 21 had COPD associated with bronchiectasis (18.75%), as shown in Fig. (1).
Bronchiectasis occurred in the lower lobes in 15 cases (71.42%) and the upper lobes in 06 cases (28.58%). It was the cylindrical type of bronchiectasis in the majority of patients, i.e., 17 (80.95%), saccular in 03 cases (14.28%), and mixed in only one case (04.77%). Lesions were bilateral in 16 patients (76.19%) and unilateral in 05 (23.81%) cases, as shown in Table 2.
 |
Fig. (1). Frequency of bronchiectasis in patients with COPD. |
| Setting | Features |
|---|---|
| Population | 112 |
| Age | 69.49 Ans ± 8.15 ans |
| Sex | 108 M - 4 F |
| Smoking | 53, 21± 48 P/Y |
| BMI | 20.49 ± 87 m2/kg |
| COPD | Moderate 22.5% |
| Severe 43.6% | |
| Very Severe 33.9% | |
| FEV1 | 42,55 ± 18,90% |
| BODE | 5,54 ± 2,63 |
| 6MWT | 273,79±112,79 m |
| I. Charlson | 3,99 ± 2,32 |
| mMRC | 2.78 ± 0.79 |
| Characteristics | N° (%) |
|---|---|
| NO of Patients | 21 (18.75) |
| Location | |
| Upper lobe | 06 (28.58) |
| Lower lobe | 15 (71.42) |
| Type | |
| Cylindrical | 17(80.95) |
| Sacular | 03(14.28) |
| Mixed | 01(04.77) |
| Bilaterality | |
| Bilatéral | 16(76.19) |
| Unilateral | 05(23.81) |
| Characteristics | Goup 1 | Goup 2 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO | 91 | 21 | - |
| Age | 70.69y | 68.28y | 0.378 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 87 | 21 | - |
| Female | 04 | - | |
| Smoking | 50, 11P/Y | 56, 47P/Y | 0.249 |
| Charlson index | 3.75±7.44 | 4.26±2.98 | 0.412 |
| FEV1 | 48.7±6 l/s | 40.2±3l/s | 0.017 |
| mMRC | 3±14 | 4±66 | 0.031 |
| Purulent sputum | 48% | 64% | 0.029 |
| Anthonisen Index | - | - | 0.521 |
| Type 1 | 13 (10.83%) | 44 (48.35%) | - |
| Type 2 | 39(42.8%) | 04(3.33%) | - |
| Type 3 | 08(8.8%) | 04(3.33%) | - |
| Length of hospital stay | 08 days | 12 days | 0.014 |
| SGQR total | 34,51 ±14,23 | 46,11±74.39 | 0.032 |
| CRP | 25 | 38 | 0.001 |
| Exacerbations in previous year | 0.98 | 1.48 | 0.041 |
Table 3 shows the analysis of the characteristics of COPD in the two groups (G1: 91 cases of COPD without bron-chiectasis and G2: 21 cases associated with bronchiectasis).
The mean age was 70.69 ± 3.37 y in G1 and 68.28 ± 9.14 y in G2. Regarding sex, only 04 female cases were found, all in group 1. The average smoking variable was 50,11 ± 80 P/Y in G1 and 56,47 ± 37P/Y in G2. Average tobacco consumption, Charlson's index, sputum purulence, FEV1, mMRC, mean hospital stay, SGQR, CRP, and exacerbations during the past year were, respectively: 3.75 ± 7.44, 48.7 ± 6 l / s, 3 ± 14, 44, 48%, 48.7 ± 6 l / s, 3 ± 14, 08 days, 34,51 ± 14,23, 25, and 0.89 in G1 compared to 4.26±2.98, 40.2±3 l/s, 4±66, 64%, 12 days, 46,11 ± 74.39, 38, and 1.88 times in G2.
3. DISCUSSION
COPD is a serious public health problem and a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality in the world [10]. A study [11] found that the prevalence of COPD is 4.9% in Algeria. On the other hand, the incidence of bronchiectasis in Algeria is unknown; however, it is estimated that tuberculosis remains the greatest cause of bronchiectasis in the country.
The causes and mechanisms of bronchiectasis in COPD are still not clear.
One hundred twenty patients hospitalized for exacerbation of COPD were included in our study. These cases were divided into 2 groups: group G1 having 91 patients (not having associated bronchiectasis) and G2, including 21 patients with a combination of the two pathologies. The prevalence of this association was 18.75%. In our study, we included not only moderate to severe COPD cases but also mild cases, which could explain this prevalence. This prevalence was similar to the one found in a study conducted by M. Bafadhel [12] and was reported by Yong-hua Gao [13].
The increasing availability and the use of HRCT in COPD indicated that the association of this condition with bronchiectasis is frequent: i.e., from 4 to 57% [14-16]. This prevalence varied according to regions and diagnostic criteria. In 71.42% of cases, bronchiectasis was located in the lower lobes, and it was cylindrical type in 80.95% of cases. In 76.19% of cases, it was bilateral. These characteristics were also reported by other studies. The basal seat, the cylindrical type, and the bilateral aspect of bronchiectasis were found, respectively, in 66.6%, 81.8%%, and 72.8% of cases in the study conducted by Eman O [17]. These results were also reported in other studies [18, 19]. The involvement of the lower lobes may reflect gravity-dependent retention of infected secretions [20].
| OR | 95%C.I. | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| FEV1 | 4.3187 | 2.6301 | 6.8740 |
| Purulent sputum | 1.4150 | 0.5012 | 2.4189 |
| Length of hospital stay | 3.9617 | 0.8972 | 5.4633 |
| SGQR | 1.9442 | 0.3167 | 3.7410 |
| CRP | 0.9662 | 0.2187 | 1.8286 |
| Exacerbations in previous year | 0.7523 | 0.1437 | 1.5562 |
The socio-demographic characteristics of the patients were comparable between the two groups. Our population was predominantly male; we only had 04 women out of the 112 patients included in the study. This gap is explained by less smoking by females, which is not frequent in Algeria and remains a taboo. It explains the gender distribution of COPD in Algeria to be still dominated by males. However, no significant difference was reported in their average age (p = 0.378). G1 patients had a mean age of 70.69 years compared to 68.8 years in G2. Tobacco is the most important risk factor for COPD, causing the two etiopathological components of the disease, obstruction and the decline of respiratory function [21]. It plays an important role in the onset of bronchiectasis by altering the means of defense of the lungs. It promotes chronic colonization in the respiratory tract, which triggers a cascade of events, leading to progressive deterioration of the bronchial wall and the manifestation of bronchiectasis. Smoking was noticed in all patients. In G150.11 PY vs. 56.47PY in G2, there was no significant difference (p=0.249). Tobacco is not a determining factor in the association between COPD and bronchiectasis. This observation was reported in the study conducted by C. Habouria [22] on 100 patients, in which tobacco was reported as 67.5 ± 10.5 PY in G1 and 64.3 ± 10.03 PY in G2, (p=0.128). On the other hand, Eman. O [17] found a significant relationship (p= <0.001) in a study involving 69 patients with moderate to severe COPD. In 2017, GOLD [10] considered bronchiectasis as comorbidity. Both conditions are characterized by inflammation and irreversible obstruction. We found a higher Charlson index in G1, i.e., 3.75 ± 7.44 vs. 4.26 ± 2.98 in G2 but without a significant relationship (p = 0.412). Nowiński [23] found that COPD patients with and without bronchiectasis had a similar Charlson index (2.5 vs. 2.1, p=0.05). Another study on comorbidities involved 05 phenotypes (ACOS, chronic bronchitis, COPD with bronchiectasis, emphysema, and frequent exacerbator), Badawy [24] found, in the COPD bronchiectasis group, a 52.4% frequency of cor pulmonale, 42.9% of systemic hypertension, and 38.1% of depression. During the hospitalization of these patients for exacerbation, we noticed that for the Anthonisen index, Type 1 was more frequent in G2, and stroke in 44 patients (48.35%) compared to 13 (61.90%) in G1 (p = 0.521). The significant variables associated with the presence of bronchiectasis found in our study include FEV1, mMRC, sputum purulence, length of hospital stay, QSGR, C-reactive protein, and exacerbations in the previous year. These seven variables were included in the logistic regression analysis Table 4. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that FEV1 in the COPD group associated with bronchiectasis was more severe (48.7 ± 6 l/s vs. 40.2 ± 3 l/s) (OR=4.3187; 95% C.I =2.6301 - 6.8740; p <0.017).
The severity of the respiratory deficit is correlated with the presence of bronchiectasis in COPD. Indeed, many authors reported a linear correlation between the severity of COPD and bronchiectasis [22, 25, 26].
Bronchiectasis with the stagnation of the secretions, which favors the chronic colonization of the airways, also favors sputum purulence, which is correlated with the presence of bronchiectasis in our study (OR=1.4150; 95% C.I =0.5012- 2.4189; p <0.029). The sputum purulence has been found to be associated with the presence of bronchiectasis, as reported by several authors [27-29]. Inflammation plays an important role in the etiology of both conditions. One of the essential markers thereof is C-reactive protein (CRP). We found a significant correlation (OR=0.9662; 95% C.I =0.2187- 1.8286; p <0.001) between an increased level of CRP and the presence of bronchiectasis (38 in GP 2 vs. 25 in GP1). A. Ben Saad [30] conducted a retrospective study on 423 cases of COPD, of which 84 had bronchiectasis, and no CRP difference in the two groups with or without bronchiectasis was reported. Tulek. B [31] and M.Garcia [32] also reported in their respective studies a significant Odds Ratio relationship. Regarding the average length of hospitalization, Qihong Yu [33] reported that the association of bronchiectasis with COPD does not appear to increase the length of hospital stay for an exacerbation of COPD (12.86±5.07 days in G2 vs. 11.56±4.06, p=0.113). The severity of the exacerbations, particularly those due to bacterial infections or pseudomonas aeruginosa, plays an important role [34] in predicting a longer treatment and hospital stay. We found that the patients in G2 had a significantly longer hospital stay than G1 patients (12 vs. 8 days) with OR= 3.9617; 95% C.I =0.8972- 5.4633 (p=0.014).
On the other hand, A.Molino [35] and G.S.Muñoz [36], in their studies, reported the existence of this significant relationship.
The quality of life is found to be significantly impaired in patients with COPD and associated bronchiectasis. The total score of the Saint Georges questionnaire was higher in G2 group (34.51 ± 14 vs. 46.11 ± 74). (OR= 1.9442 95%C.I =0.3167- 3.7410;p = 0.032).
D. Carrillo [37] conducted a study in which the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) was performed on 96 patients with bronchiectasis (without COPD). The study of the quality of life and the research on possible depression should lead to proposing a specific treatment in the therapeutic protocol of these comorbidities.
Frequent exacerbations are a hallmark of the association between COPD and bronchiectasis [38-41]. In our study, the number of exacerbations during the past year was higher in the bronchiectasis group.
CONCLUSION
Association between COPD and bronchiectasis could have important clinical implications since both diseases have different and complementary therapeutic approaches. The diagnosis of bronchiectasis should be more efficient in patients with COPD having a severe respiratory deficit, purulent sputum, accelerated CRP, and deterioration in the quality of life.
Both chronic conditions seem to combine and worsen the psychological impact. The study of the quality of life considering this association is rare, indicating the need for further research.
AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTIONS
Deghdegh Khaled contributed to the conception, synthesis coordination, and analysis. Boukdoum Nassim participated in data collection and finalized the study design.
Terra Besma participated in manuscript preparation.
Benail Rachid performed analysis and participated in the interpretation of data.
Amoura Kamel reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content.
AUTHORIZATION FOR PUBLICATION BY THE INSTITUTION
Authorization for publication was obtained from the institution, Faculty of Medicine, Badji Mokhtar University Annaba.
ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE
The study was approved by the Annaba University Hospital, Algeria.
HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS
No animals were used in this research. All human research procedures were followed in accordance with the ethical standards of the committee responsible for human experimentation in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2013.
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Informed consent was obtained from all the participants before publication.
STANDARDS OF REPORTING
STROBE guidelines were followed.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS
Not applicable.
FUNDING
None.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Declared none.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the resident physicians of the pneumology department who participated in the data collection.
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