Clinical Features of COVID-19 Patients in Jordan: A Study of 508 Patients

Abstract

Background:

The symptoms of COVID-19 have a wide range of severity ranging from no symptoms at all to mild symptoms, such as fever, cough, sore throat, general weakness. Moreover, in some situations, patients may develop severe complications as pneumonia, and sepsis, leading to death. This study aims to investigate the characteristic features of COVID-19 patients based on their medical condition prior to COVID-19 diagnosis.

Methods:

A retrospective cohort study took place between the 1st of April 2020 and the 31st of June 2020 in Prince Hamzah Hospital, Jordan. Patients were diagnosed by the Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase (RT)–PCR Diagnostic Panel, either through screening or for those who developed symptoms. During this period, patients who tested positive for COVID 19 were admitted to the hospital regardless of their symptoms according to the local government health policies. A total of 508 Patients were involved and divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of chronic illnesses prior to COVID-19 diagnosis.

Results:

A total of 371 patients were medically free (220 males and 151 females). Among them, 153 patients were symptomatic (41.2%), with an average hospitalization of 18 days. Generalized malaise, dry cough, and fever were the most common reported symptoms (51%, 45.8%, and 41.8%, respectively). On the other hand, the total number of COVID-19 patients with predefined comorbidities was 137 (93 males and 44 females). Among them, 86 patients (62.8%) were symptomatic, with an average duration of admission of 19.3 days. Similar to medically free patients, dry cough, generalized malaise, and fever were the most commonly reported symptoms (50%, 43%, and 38.4%, respectively). There was a statistically significant correlation between the presence of chronic illnesses and the development of symptoms among COVID-19 patients (P = 0.0001).

Conclusion:

Dry cough, generalized malaise, and fever were the most commonly reported symptoms among our patients regardless of their medical condition. The average duration of hospitalization in medically free patients was less than patients with comorbidities, and it was less among asymptomatic compared to symptomatic patients. More than half of our COVID-19 patients were male and asymptomatic. A significant correlation between patients' medical condition and the possibility of developing symptoms in response to COVID-19 was identified.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Hospitalization, Medical comorbidities, Symptomatic patients, Asymptomatic patients.

1. INTRODUCTION

On December 8, 2019, the China Health Authority reported several cases of unknown etiology pneumonia discovered in Wuhan city of Hubei Province, China. After that, the China Health Authority alarmed the World Health Organization (WHO) about the outbreak on December 31, 2019 [1]. The scientists confirmed that these outbreak pneumonia cases were caused by a new coronavirus called Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that transmit from human to human and had a rapid growth reaching many countries, causing the third coronavirus epidemic in the 21st century after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). On January 30, 2020, the WHO declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) [2] and a pandemic on March 11, 2020 [3].

In Jordan, the first confirmed case of COVID-19 was reported on March 2, 2020 [4] of a Jordanian male who came from Italy. On March 15, 2020, few cases were additionally diagnosed with a total number of 12 cases [4]. The number of cases had increased progressively but slowly since that time. On April 12, 2020, the total confirmed cases were only 389, thus, WHO classified Jordan as having a “cluster of cases” transmission for SARS-CoV-2 [5]. Jordanian authorities have announced a state of emergency and declared curfew and lockdown across the country to control disease transmission. Health authorities have adopted quarantine in governmental-sponsored facilities followed by 7 to 24 days of home quarantine. By the end of August 2020, the total number of COVID-19 cases in Jordan reached a total of 2034 cases and 15 cases of COVID-19 related deaths. The global progression of infected cases suggests that this virus can be transmitted by an asymptomatic carrier [6]. However, the symptoms of COVID-19 appear after exposure to the virus by 2-14 days along with a wide range of severity from no symptoms at all to mild symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, general weakness, and in some cases with severe symptoms like severe pneumonia, severe inflammatory response and secondary sepsis, and death [7, 8]. The severity of symptoms depends on many factors, including older ages [7, 8], gender [8, 9], smoking [9, 10], body temperature [10], elevated albumin and CRP [10], having an underlying medical condition like hypertension and DM [7, 8], all these factors lead to more severe symptoms and high risk for Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission.

In this study, we aimed to investigate the characteristic features of COVID-19 patients in relation to their medical condition. Patients’ gender, age range, mean age, duration of hospitalization, and the common presenting symptoms were analyzed in correlation with patients' medical status. As a secondary goal, we tried to explore the association between smoking and the development of symptoms among COVID-19 patients.

2. METHODS

This retrospective cohort study assessed COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized during the period between the 1st of April 2020 and the 31st of June 2020 in Prince Hamza Hospital (PHH) in Jordan. PHH is considered a tertiary referral hospital and one of the main centers dedicated to COVID-19 patients.

Patients were diagnosed by Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase (RT)–PCR Diagnostic Panel, either through screening or developed symptoms. According to the local government health policies, patients who tested positive for COVID 19 during this period were admitted to the hospital regardless of their symptoms.

A total of 550 patients were diagnosed positive for COVID 19 during that period. Patients who were less than 6 years (n=42) were excluded from the study to achieve realistic data regarding subjective patient symptoms. The remaining 508 Patients were divided into two groups depending on the presence or absence of chronic illnesses such as Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Hypertension (HTN), Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), tumors, autoimmune diseases, asthma, and solid and/or bone marrow transplant.

2.1. Statistical Analysis

Data were recorded in a Microsoft Excel (Redmond, WA, USA) spreadsheet and analyzed by SPSS program version 16.0. Statistical significance was assessed using a two-tailed Fisher’s exact test (statistical significance was considered for P< 0.05).

3. RESULTS

In this study, a total of 508 patients with COVID-19 were included (313 males and 195 females). Patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 were categorized based on their medical history into either medically free patients (n=371) or patients with predefined comorbidities (n=137).

Based on gender, 138 male patients were symptomatic (44.1%) in comparison to 101 females (51.8%), no statically significant correlation between gender and development of symptoms was identified (P= 0.1002) (Table 1).

Among medically free patients (n=391), only 153 patients were symptomatic (39.1%). This figure was statistically less compared to patients with predefined comorbidities, where approximately 62.7% of them were symptomatic (P=0.0001) (Fig. 1).

3.1. Medically Free Patients with a Diagnosis of COVID-19

The total number of patients was 371 (220 males, 151 females). Patients' ages ranged between 6 and 74 years (Mean 30 ±14.3). Among those, 153 patients were symptomatic (41.2%), and an average duration of hospitalization was 18 days. On the other hand, 218 patients were asymptomatic (58.8%), and they were diagnosed during screening. Those patients had an average duration of stay in the hospital of 14 days. The overall average duration of stay for all medically free patients (n=371) was 15.5 days (Table 1).

Regarding the COVID-19 symptomatic patients, generalized malaise, dry cough, and fever were the most common reported symptoms (51%, 45.8%, and 41.8%, respectively). Among symptomatic males, the dry cough was the most common symptom, while generalized malaise was the most common among females. Moreover, patients also reported other symptoms such as headache (31.4%), chills and rigors (28.1%), myalgia (21.6%), diarrhea (20.3%), sweating (15%), wet cough (14.4%), abdominal pain (11.1%), chest pain (9.2%), palpitations (5.2%), shortness of breath (17.6%), and one patient presented with hemoptysis. The prevalence of nasal congestion, loss of smell, loss of taste, and rhinorrhea were 32.7%, 32%, 26.8%, 24.2%, respectively (Table 2).

Fig. (1). COVID-19 related symptoms in correlation with predefined medical condition.
Table 1.
The distribution of patients regarding symptoms, gender, and health status.
- Symptomatic Asymptomatic Total
Male Female Male Female
Medically free patients 79 74 141 77 371
Medically ill patients 59 27 34 17 137
Total 138 101 175 94 508
Total 239 269 508

Regarding the patient history of smoking, only 61 patients within the medically-free group were smokers (16.4%). Even though it was not statistically significant, the prevalence of COVID-19 related symptoms was lower among non-smokers than smokers within this group of patients (39.7% Vs. 49.2%) (P = 0.2) (Table 3).

Table 2.
The presenting symptoms of COVID 19 in medically free patients.
Symptom Male Female Total Percentage
Dry Cough 39 31 70 45.8%
Fever 32 32 64 41.8%
Wet Cough 12 10 22 14.4%
Chills/Rigors 14 29 43 28.1%
Sweating 6 17 23 15%
Generalized Malaise 35 43 78 51%
Myalgia 7 26 33 21.6%
Shortness of Breath 9 18 27 17.6%
Headache 17 31 48 31.4%
Hemoptysis 0 1 1 0.7%
Diarrhea 10 21 31 20.3%
Chest Pain 6 8 14 9.2%
Abdominal Pain 6 11 17 11.1%
Palpitations 0 8 8 5.2%
Loss of Taste 16 25 41 26.8%
Loss of Smell 19 30 49 32%
Nasal Congestion 20 30 50 32.7%
Rhinorrhea 14 23 37 24.2%
Table 3.
The relation between smoking and the presence of symptoms in COVID 19 patients.
Medical Free Patients
- Symptomatic Asymptomatic Total
Smoker 30 31 61
Non-smoker 123 187 310
Total 153 218 371
Medically Ill Patients
Smoker 13 6 19
Non-smoker 73 45 118
Total 86 51 137

3.2. Chronic Medical Ill Patients with a Diagnosis of COVID 19

The total number of patients was 137 (93 males, 44 females). Patients' ages ranged between 14 and 87 years (Mean 53 ±15.8). Hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease were the most frequent comorbidities, with a prevalence of 62%, 51%, and 16%, respectively. A total of 62 patients (45.2%) reported more than one comorbidity (Table 4).

Among this group, the majority of patients were symptomatic (n=86; 62.8%), with an overall average duration of hospitalization of 17 days. Symptomatic patients had a longer duration of hospitalization than non-symptomatic patients (19.3 Vs. 16.9 days). A total of 21 patients required admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and 4 patients died during their admission secondary to respiratory failure (Table 1).

Similar to medically free patients, dry cough, generalized malaise, and fever were the most commonly reported symptoms (50%, 43%, and 38.4%, respectively). Other reported symptoms were headache (25.6%), chills and rigors (33.7%), myalgia (27.9%), diarrhea (23.3%), sweating (11.6%), wet cough (19.8%), abdominal pain (12.8%), chest pain (12.8%), palpitations (3.5%), shortness of breath (27.9%), and also one patient presented with hemoptysis. Sinonasal symptoms were less frequent in this group compared to medically free patients. Nasal congestion, loss of smell, loss of taste, and rhinorrhea were presented in 17.4%, 18.6%, 16.3%, and 18.6% of the patients, respectively (Table 5). Similar to medically free patients, there was no correlation between the history of smoking and the development of symptoms among patients in this group (Table 3).

Table 4.
Comorbidities among COVID 19 patients (n = 137).
Comorbidities Number Percentage
HTN* 85 62%
DM* 70 51%
IHD* 22 16%
HYPOTHYROID 18 13%
ASTHMA 12 8.7%
PROSTATE HYPERPLASIA 6 4.3%
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE 4 2.9%
MIGRAINE 4 2.9%
CANCER 3 2.1%
COPD* 3 2.1%
RENAL FAILURE 1 0.7%
CVA* 1 0.7%
(HTN: Hypertension; DM Diabetes Mellitus; IHD Ischemic Heart Disease; COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; CVA Cerebrovascular accident.
Table 5.
The presenting symptoms of COVID 19 in chronic medical ill patients.
Symptom Male Female Total Percentage
Dry Cough 29 14 43 50%
Fever 25 8 33 38.4%
Wet Cough 12 5 17 19.8%
Chills/Rigors 18 11 29 33.7%
Sweating 7 3 10 11.6%
Generalized Malaise 23 14 37 43%
Myalgia 14 10 24 27.9%
Shortness of Breath 12 12 24 27.9%
Headache 13 9 22 25.6%
Hemoptysis 1 0 1 1.2%
Diarrhea 12 8 20 23.3%
Chest Pain 7 4 11 12.8%
Abdominal Pain 8 3 11 12.8%
Palpitations 2 1 3 3.5%
Loss of Taste 7 7 14 16.3%
Loss of Smell 10 6 16 18.6%
Nasal Congestion 9 6 15 17.4%
Rhinorrhea 9 7 16 18.6%

4. DISCUSSION

In this study, the mean age of COVID-19 medically free patients was 30 years and 53 years for chronic medically ill patients with an overall mean of 36.2 years, which is younger than reported by Jiang et al., Chen et al., and Yang et al. [12-14] (51.2, 55.5 and 59.7 sequentially). According to the 2019 report of the Jordanian department of statistics, 70.5% of the Jordanian population is younger than 35 years [15-18]. Thus, Jordan is a young community, and this may be the main cause for this variation in the mean ages of patients. Moreover, 59.3% of medically free patients and 67.1% of chronic medically ill patients were males. This is consistent with many studies' findings that reported that males more commonly develop COVID [19, 8, 9, 11]. The mortality rate was higher in males than females, where three out of four patients with COVID-19 related deaths were males. Our finding was consistent with Jin et al. [12] who stated that males mortality from COVID-19 was 2.4 fold higher than females. In our study, mortality among chronically ill patients was reported in patients with HTN and IHD. The underlying mechanisms behind the poor prognosis of hypertensive COVID-19 patients are not well known. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in a hypertensive patient may contribute to lung injury among COVID-19 patients by promoting an inflammatory response (cytokine storm) [29].

The average duration of hospital stay in medically free patients was 15.5 days, during 17 days in medically ill patients and 15.9 days for overall patients. However, Jiang et al. [13] reported that the average duration of hospitalization was 16.6 days, whereas 18.2 in Qin et al. [16]. Moreover, in this study, we investigated the average duration of stay between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, and we found that the average duration among those two groups was 17.7 days in symptomatic patients and 14.5 days in asymptomatic patients.

Approximately 58.8% of medically free patients and 37.2% of medically ill patients were asymptomatic with an overall rate of 53% among all patients; this was higher than figures reported by Nishiura et al. [17], Mizumoto et al. [18], Qin et al. [16], and Chinese CDC [19] findings (30.8%, 17.9%, 13.7%, and 1.2% sequentially).

In comparison with symptoms reported in the literature, 48.1% of our patients had generalized malaise, which was comparable to Huang et al. [20] findings (44%) and Xu et al. [21] findings (52%). Moreover, it was less than Wang et al. [22] (69.6%) and more than Qin et al. 16 (14.5%). Regarding the cough, 47.3% of patients had dry cough compared to 59.4% from Wang et al. [22] patients. Overall, 63.6% of our patients had an either dry or wet cough, which is lower than Huang et al. [20], Xu et al. [21], and Chen et al. [11] (76%, 81%, 82% sequentially) and higher than Qin et al. [16] (37.7%). Fever was reported by 40.6% of our patients, which is lower than Qin et al. [16], Xu et al. [21], Chen et al. [11], Huang et al. [20], and Wang et al. [22] findings (56.5%, 77%, 83%, 98%, 98.6% sequentially).

Recent studies stated that loss of smell “anosmia” and loss of taste “dysgeusia” were more common among COVID-19 patients by 28.6 fold [23] and is considered an important symptom of COVID-19 infection and maybe the only presentation without other symptoms [24]. In our results, loss of smell was approximately 1.7 folds more in medically free patients than medically ill patients (32%, 18.6%, respectively). Likewise, loss of taste was 1.6 folds more in medically free patients than ill patients (20.8%, 16.3%, respectively). Female patients were 2 times more likely to experience anosmia than male patients (18.5%, 9.3% respectively) and 2.2 times to have dysgeusia, a loss of taste than males. Similarly, Lee et al. [25] and Spinato et al. [26] reported that anosmia and dysgeusia were more frequent in females.

Out of all patients, the percentage of patients who have symptoms was more in medically ill patients (62.8%) than medically free patients (41.2%). Regarding the medically ill patients (n=137), 21 of them (15.3%) required an ICU admission with a mortality of 2.9%. Many studies reported that patients with severe COVID-19 outcomes who had severe symptoms or were treated in the ICU were older and with comorbidities [7-9, 11, 14, 22].

Our findings showed no significant correlation between the history of smoking and the development of symptoms in relation to patient medical conditions. Similar findings were reported by other researchers [14, 20, 27]. On the other hand, Sanchez-Ramirez et al. [9] and Patanavanich et al. [28] reported that the progression of severe symptoms or outcomes was more among smokers by 1.98 and 1.91 folds, respectively. Also, Liu et al. [10] stated that smoking is a risk factor for disease progression.

CONCLUSION

Dry cough, generalized malaise, and fever were the most commonly reported symptoms regarding our patients in medically free and medically ill patients. The average duration of hospital stay in medically free patients was less than medically ill, and was less in asymptomatic compared to symptomatic patients. More than half of our patients were asymptomatic and male. There was a statistically significant correlation between the presence of chronic illnesses and the development of symptoms in COVID-19 patients.

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) committee at Hashemite University and Prince Hamza Hospital, Jordan under approval no. (IRB 16/11/2000965).

HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS

No Animals were used in this research. All human research procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the committee responsible for human experimentation (institutional and national), and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2013.

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

Informed consent was taken from all the participants when they were enrolled.

AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS

The data and materials used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author [H.I.A.-B] upon reasonable request.

FUNDING

None.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Declared none.

REFERENCES

1
Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol 2020; 92(4): 401-2.
2
World Health Organization Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation report 2019.https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel -coronavirus-2019 /situation-reports
3
WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic 2020.https:// www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
4
Al-Balas M, Al-Balas HI, Al-Balas H. Surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: A Comprehensive overview and perioperative care. Am J Surg 2020; 219(6): 903-6.
5
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Situation Report – 83 World Health Organization 2020.https://www.who.int/docs/default -source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200412-sitrep-83-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=697ce98d_4
6
Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, et al. Presumed asymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID-19. JAMA 2020; 323(14): 1406-7. [published online ahead of print, 2020 Feb 21].
7
Centers for disease control and prevention. Novel coronavirus 2019.https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html
8
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Q & A on novel coronavirus Stockholm: ECDC 2020.https://www.ecdc. europa.eu/en/covid-19/questions-answers
9
Sanchez-Ramirez DC, Mackey D. Underlying respiratory diseases, specifically COPD, and smoking are associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Med 2020; 171: 106096. [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jul 30].
10
Liu W, Tao ZW, Wang L, et al. Analysis of factors associated with disease outcomes in hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133(9): 1032-8.
11
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 507-13.
12
Jin JM, Bai P, He W, et al. Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: Focus on severity and mortality. Front Public Health 2020; 8: 152.
13
Jiang S, Wang R, Li L, et al. Liver injury in critically ill and non-critically ill COVID-19 patients: A multicenter, retrospective, observational study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7: 347.
14
Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8(5): 475-81. published correction appears in Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Apr;8(4):e26.
15
Jordanian department of statistics website http://dosweb. dos.gov.jo/population/population-2/
16
Qin W, Sun J, Xu P, et al. The descriptive epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 during the epidemic period in Lu'an, China: Achieving limited community transmission using proactive response strategies. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 148: e132.
17
Nishiura H, Kobayashi T, Miyama T, et al. Estimation of the asymptomatic ratio of novel coronavirus infections (COVID-19). Int J Infect Dis 2020; 94: 154-5.
18
Mizumoto K, Kagaya K, Zarebski A, Chowell G. Estimating the asymptomatic proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship, Yokohama, Japan, 2020. Euro Surveill 2020; 25(10): 2000180.
19
Epidemiology working group for NCIP epidemic response, Chinese center for disease control and prevention. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2020; 41(2): 145-51.
20
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 497-506. [published correction appears in Lancet. 2020 Jan 30;].
21
Xu XW, Wu XX, Jiang XG, et al. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: Retrospective case series. BMJ 2020; 368: m606. [published correction appears in BMJ. 2020 Feb 27;368:m792].
22
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in wuhan, china. JAMA 2020; 323(11): 1061-9. [published online ahead of print, 2020 Feb 7].
23
Shweta F, Murugadoss K, Awasthi S, et al. Augmented curation of unstructured clinical notes from a massive ehr system reveals specific phenotypic signature of impending COVID-19 diagnosis 2020.https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.09338
24
Heidari F, Karimi E, Firouzifar M, et al. Anosmia as a prominent symptom of COVID-19 infection. Rhinology 2020; 58(3): 302-3.
25
Lee Y, Min P, Lee S, Kim SW. Prevalence and duration of acute loss of smell or taste in COVID-19 Patients. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35(18): e174.
26
Spinato G, Fabbris C, Polesel J, et al. Alterations in smell or taste in mildly symptomatic outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JAMA 2020; 323(20): 2089-90. [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 22].
27
Lippi G, Henry BM. Active smoking is not associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Eur J Intern Med 2020; 75: 107-8.
28
Patanavanich R, Glantz SA. Smoking is associated with COVID-19 progression: A meta-analysis [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 13]. Nicotine Tob Res 2020.
29
Sommerstein R, Kochen MM, Messerli FH, Gräni C. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Do angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers have a biphasic effect? J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9: e016509.